Epigenetic editing is an emerging class of genome engineering techniques that modulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Unlike traditional CRISPR Cas9 systems that induce double strand breaks (DSBs) and rely on error prone repair pathways, epigenetic editing uses catalytically inactive DNA binding platforms,such as dCas9, TALEs, or zinc fingers, fused to chromatin modifying effectors like DNMT3A, TET1, p300, KRAB, or LSD1. These chimeric tools enable precise and reversible modification of DNA methylation and histone post translational modifications (PTMs), altering transcriptional output at specific loci in a non mutagenic and often heritable manner.
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